[2] It is unlikely ever to become a major drug of abuse owing to effects upon both mind and body frequently perceived subjectively as highly unpleasant, giving rise to a state of profound and long-lasting disorientation with a potentially fatal outcome. Julian uses jimson Weed to poison his parents. Dos grupos de plantas producen semillas: gimnospermas y angiospermas. The seeds disperse freely over pastures, fields and even wasteland locations. [19][20][21] In Europe, it is found as a weed in garbage dumps and wastelands,[19] and is toxic to animals consuming it. On the Fox series Sleepy Hollow, jimson weed, known to Witches as Moonflower, is used to enhance their magical abilities, akin to steroids. [10] The upper surface of the leaves is a darker green, and the bottom is a light green. Florece en febrero-noviembre. The stem is stout, erect, leafy, smooth, and pale yellow-green to reddish purple in color. [36] In ancient Mexico, Datura also played an important role in the religion of the Aztecs and the practices of their medicine men and necromancers. The specific name arenicola means "loving (i.e. 'Datura (Solanaceae) is a New World Genus' by D.E. [10] Many tragic incidents result from modern users ingesting or smoking Datura. [4][5][6] It is an aggressive invasive weed in temperate climates across the world. Common names for D. stramonium vary by region[2] and include thornapple,[14] moon flower,[15] hell's bells, devil's trumpet, devil's weed, tolguacha, Jamestown weed, stinkweed, locoweed, pricklyburr, false castor oil plant,[16] and devil's cucumber. [9] Nathaniel Hawthorne refers to one type in The Scarlet Letter as apple-Peru. [37], Due to their agitated behavior and confused mental state, victims of Datura poisoning are typically hospitalized. In traditional cultures, a great deal of experience with and detailed knowledge of Datura was critical to minimize harm. Magicians or those who wish to harm someone administer it in food or drink. Las gimnospermas producen semillas desnudas, como en las coníferas, donde las semillas se desarrollan en las escamas de los conos o [37][38][39] In Ethiopia, some students and debtrawoch (lay priests), use D. stramonium to "open the mind" to be more receptive to learning, and creative and imaginative thinking. [8] In the Ayurvedic text Sushruta Samhita different species of Datura are also referred to as kanaka and unmatta. The plants are susceptible to fungi in the root area, so anaerobic organic enrichment such as anaerobically composted organic matter or manure, should be avoided.[10]. The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens (2nd ed.). Various species of Datura are toxic and hallucinogenic. In his book, The Serpent and the Rainbow, Wade Davis identified D. stramonium, called "zombi cucumber" in Haiti, as a central ingredient of the concoction vodou priests use to create zombies. "It is administered in potions in order to cause harm to those who are objects of hatred. De plant lijkt ook reeds te zijn afgebeeld op een schilderij van Jheronimus Bosch. Datura stramonium is inheems in Noord-Amerika, maar vond al vroeg na de ontdekking van dit continent ook in Europa verspreiding. Datura is a genus of nine species of poisonous vespertine flowering plants belonging to the family Solanaceae. Procera (H.B.K.) Due to its effects and symptoms, it has occasionally been used not only as a poison, but also as a hallucinogen by various groups throughout history. [36] Across the Americas, other indigenous peoples, such as the Algonquian, Navajo, Cherokee, Luiseño and the indigenous peoples of Marie-Galante also used this plant in sacred ceremonies for its hallucinogenic properties. In part 2, chapter 5 of the book, a jimsonweed experience is recounted by the character Dr. Gonzo as described here: “Last Christmas somebody gave me a whole Jimson weed – the root must have weighed two pounds; enough for a year – but I ate the whole goddamn thing in about twenty minutes.. Luckily, I vomited most of it right back up. The stem forks off repeatedly into branches and each fork forms a leaf and a single, erect flower. Cavazos, M.L., Jiao, M. and Bye, R. (2000). Sektion Dutra Bernh.. Großblütiger Stechapfel (Datura inoxia Mill. [11] The origin of Neo-Latin stramonium is unknown; the name Stramonia was used in the 17th century for various Datura species.[12]. When the fruits begin to burst open, the seeds are harvested. Symon and L. Haegi in (page 197 of). It was sometimes mixed with cannabis as well as highly poisonous plants like Aconitum ferox to intentionally create dysphoric experiences. [40], The common name "datura" has its origins in India, where the sister species Datura metel is considered particularly sacred — believed to be a favorite of Shiva in Shaivism. This role was delegated to ABADS by the International Society for Horticultural Science in 2002. [10], The egg-shaped seed capsule is 3 to 8 cm (1–3 in) in diameter and either covered with spines or bald. Datura stramonium (англ.) A group of South American species formerly placed in the genus Datura are now placed in the distinct genus Brugmansia[14] (Brugmansia differs from Datura in that it is woody (the species being shrubs or small trees) and has indehiscent fruits. [48] It was often responsible for the hallucinogenic effects of magical or lycanthropic salves and potions. [53] However given the location of Keeffe's residence in the New Mexico desert, it is unlikely that she saw Datura stramonium but rather a different species of Datura, possibly 'western' jimson weed. At maturity, it splits into four chambers, each with dozens of small, black seeds. [3][4] Certain common datura species have also been used ritualistically as entheogens by some Native American groups. Due to the potent combination of anticholinergic substances it contains, Datura intoxication typically produces the effects of anticholinergic delirium (usually involving a complete or relative inability to differentiate reality from fantasy); hyperthermia; tachycardia; bizarre, and possibly violent behavior; dry skin; dry mouth; illusions; and severe mydriasis (dilated pupils) with resultant painful photophobia that can last several days. [10][18] A given plant's toxicity depends on its age, where it is growing, and the local weather conditions. & Kunth: Sie kommt in den US-BundesstaatenColorado, Oklahoma, Texas und Arizona, in Mexiko und Honduras vor. [43][44], Among its sacred and visionary purposes, jimson weed has also garnered a reputation for its magical uses in various cultures throughout history. ", William Lewis reported, in the late 18th century, that the juice could be made into "a very powerful remedy in various convulsive and spasmodic disorders, epilepsy and mania," and was also "found to give ease in external inflammations and haemorrhoids."[35]. Henry Hyde Salter discusses D. stramonium as a treatment for asthma in his 19th-century work On Asthma: its Pathology and Treatment. For example, Datura species can change size of plant, leaf, and flowers, all depending on location. [citation needed], The plant is also mentioned in Hunter S. Thompson's 1971 roman à clef novel, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream. Herbal Medicine Research and Global Health.pdf Herbs to Avoid Before Surgery Herbs to Avoid During Pregnancy Scientific Presentations ... toloache Jimsonweed, stramonium, moonflower. In the United States, the plant is called "jimsonweed", or more rarely "Jamestown weed" deriving from the town of Jamestown, Virginia, where English soldiers consumed it while attempting to suppress Bacon's Rebellion. ; Gemeiner Stechapfel (Datura stramonium L., Syn. "thriving in") sand".[17]. [8] Dhatura is offered to Shiva in Hinduism. [1] They are commonly known as thornapples or jimsonweeds but are also known as devil's trumpets[2] (not to be confused with angel's trumpets, which are placed in the closely related genus Brugmansia). For example, in the 1990s and 2000s, the United States media reported stories of adolescents and young adults dying or becoming seriously ill from intentionally ingesting Datura. Aghora: At the Left Hand of God. All species of Datura are poisonous and potentially psychoactive, especially their seeds and flowers which can cause respiratory depression, arrhythmias, fever, delirium, hallucinations, psychosis, and even death if taken internally. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream, "Datura stramonium in Flora of China @ efloras.org", "Biota of North America Program, 2014 county distribution map", "Datura stramonium : Common thornapple | Atlas of Living Australia", Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, "Book II: Of the Natural Product and Conveniencies in Its Unimprov'd State, Before the English Went Thither", "Thorn-apple, Datura stramonium – Flowers – NatureGate", "Savanna glade hotspots: Plant community development and synergy with large herbivores", "Alkaloid-containing plants poisonous to cattle and horses in Europe", "Deadly Harry Potter plant devil's snare turns up in Suffolk pensioner's garden", "Jimson Weed (Datura stramonium) poisoning", "An Experimental History Of The Materia Medica: Stramonium", http://www.today.com/id/9842124#.UsLVWdIW1A0, "Tate Modern to show iconic flower painting by Georgia O'Keeffe", "Georgia O'Keeffe and the $44 Million Jimson Weed". [10], D. stramonium generally flowers throughout the summer. As a rule, they need warm, sunny places and soil that will keep their roots dry. [31] However, anthropologists have found that indigenous groups, with a great deal of experience with and detailed knowledge of Datura, have been known to use Datura spiritually (including the Navajo and especially the Havasupai). D. stramonium can be grown from seed, which is sown with several feet between plants. [19] An individual seed contains about 0.1 mg of atropine, and the approximate fatal dose for adult humans is >10 mg atropine or >2–4 mg scopolamine. [25][26], In some parts of Europe and India, Datura has been a popular poison for suicide and murder. [10], The leaves are about 8 to 20 cm (3–8 in) long, smooth, toothed,[9] soft, and irregularly undulated. [34], "[T]he juice of Thornapple, boiled with hog's grease, cureth all inflammations whatsoever, all manner of burnings and scaldings, as well of fire, water, boiling lead, gunpowder, as that which comes by lightning and that in very short time, as myself have found in daily practice, to my great credit and profit. They were alleged to employ Datura in many such poisonings, using it also to induce drowsiness or stupefaction, making strangulation easier. a similar tropane alkaloid content), include the Hyoscyameae, containing such well-known toxic species as Hyoscyamus niger and Atropa belladonna, the Solandreae containing the genus Solandra ("chalice vines") and the Mandragoreae, named for the famous Mandragora officinarum. [27][38], Datura flower on the plant (lateral view) near Hyderabad, Telangana, India, Datura flower on the plant (top view) near Hyderabad, Telangana, India, Genus of poisonous plants potentially psychoactive, 1959 Avery, Amos Geer, Satina, Sophie and Rietsema, Jacob. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Profile: Octatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide), Scopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide), Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators, Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators, Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate), Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datura_stramonium&oldid=1008771450, Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2012, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 24 February 2021, at 23:56. [51], The American artist Georgia O’Keeffe (1887–1986) painted "jimson weed" several times. In containers, they should have porous, aerated potting soil with adequate drainage. The flowers are erect or spreading (not pendulous like those of Brugmansia), trumpet-shaped, 5–20 cm long and 4–12 cm broad at the mouth; colours vary from white to yellow, pink, and pale purple. The plant is harvested when the fruits are ripe, but still green. It is difficult to classify Datura as to its species, and it often happens that the descriptions of new species are accepted prematurely. [2] D. stramonium has frequently been employed in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments. In India the species Datura metel has long been regarded as a poison and aphrodisiac, having been used in Ayurveda as a medicine since ancient times. Datura specialists, the Preissels, accept only nine species of Datura:,[10] but Kew's Plants of the World Online currently lists the following fourteen (out of which the current edition of The Plant List does not list D. arenicola, D. lanosa, and D. pruinosa as accepted spp. It is sensitive to frost, so should be sheltered during cold weather. The Solanaceous tribe Datureae, to which Datura and Brugmansia belong, has recently acquired a new, monotypic genus Trompettia J. Dupin, featuring the species Trompettia cardenasiana, which had hitherto been misclassified as belonging to the genus Iochroma. [28], Datura intoxication typically produces delirium, hallucination, hyperthermia, tachycardia, bizarre behavior, urinary retention, and severe mydriasis with resultant painful photophobia that can last several days. Record of this name in English dates back to 1662. [7][19][25] Deliberate or inadvertent poisoning resulting from smoking jimsonweed and other related species has been reported. [9] The leaves have a bitter and nauseating taste, which is imparted to extracts of the herb, and remains even after the leaves have been dried. [12] The larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species, including Hypercompe indecisa, eat some Datura species. [55], "Jimson Weed" redirects here. They are commonly known as thornapples or jimsonweeds but are also known as devil's trumpets (not to be confused with angel's trumpets, which are placed in the closely related genus Brugmansia).Other English common names include moonflower, devil's weed and hell's bells. Linnaeus beschreef de plant wetenschappelijk in 1753. The same species, when growing in a half-shady, damp location can develop into a flowering bush half as tall as an adult human of average height, but when growing in a very dry location, will only grow into a thin plant not much more than ankle-high, with tiny flowers and a few miniature leaves. Indeed, they were not very cleanly; for they would have wallowed in their own excrements if they had not been prevented. When grown outdoors in good locations, the plants tend to reseed themselves and may become invasive. "Phenetic analysis of Datura section Dutra (Solanaceae)in Mexico", Southern Paiute Shamanism by Isabel T. Kelly (1939), International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants, International Cultivar Registration Authority, International Society for Horticultural Science, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2bfd/d7e3d9898a611cee36688e398e31fa04379c.pdf, "Phylogenetic correlations among chemical and physical plant defenses change with ontogeny", https://doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637-60.3.217, "Spirit, Mind and Body in Chumash Healing", "Suspected Moonflower Intoxication – Ohio, 2002", "Jimson weed users chase high all the way to hospital", "Jimsonweed Poisoning Associated with a Homemade Stew – Maryland, 2008", http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucar002-005.pdf, Octatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide), Scopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide), Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators, Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators, Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate), Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datura&oldid=1007163239, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The corolla, which is folded and only partially open, is white, funnel-shaped, and has prominent ribs. The ancient inhabitants of what became central and southern California used to ingest the small black seeds of datura to "commune with deities through visions". [5] Non-psychoactive use of the plant is usually done for medicinal purposes and the alkaloids present in plants of the datura genus have long been considered traditional medicines in both the New and Old Worlds due to the presence of the alkaloids scopolamine and atropine, which are also produced by Old World plants such as hyoscyamus niger, atropa belladonna and mandragora officinarum.[6]. Pl., 179, 1753 - Ruderal y nitrófila, frecuente en escombreras, cunetas, graveras, arroyadas, y especialmente en muladares, en substratos arenosos o arcillosos, y desde el nivel del mar hasta los 2000 m de altitud. But even so, I went blind for three days. In Mexico, its common name is toloache. It has also been used as a hallucinogen (of the anticholinergic/antimuscarinic, deliriant type), taken entheogenically to cause intense visions. [10], The genus name is derived from the plant's Hindi name, dhatūra, ultimately from Sanskrit dhattūra 'white thorn-apple'. La atropina (dl-hiosciamina) es un alcaloide presente en Atropa belladona y Datura stramonium; químicamente es el éster racémico de la tropina y el ácido trópico; el componente farmacológicamente activo es la forma ele. – whether by natural or human agency is, as yet, unknown – making it one of the most ancient plant introductions (even, possibly, the most ancient plant introduction) from the New World to the Old. Datura species are usually sown annually from the seed produced in the spiny capsules, but, with care, the tuberous-rooted perennial species may be overwintered. Schultes, Richard Evans; Hofmann, Albert (1979). [28], Datura toxins may be ingested accidentally by consumption of honey produced by several wasp species, including Brachygastra lecheguana, during the Datura blooming season. [26], As with other cases of anticholinergic poisoning, intravenous physostigmine can be administered in severe cases as an antidote. Toloache (Datura stramonium L.); j. Valeriana (Valeriana edulis ssp. Datura L., 1753 è un genere di piante della famiglia delle Solanaceae, originario dell'Asia e dell'America.Il nome deriva dalla parola sanscrita dhatūrā 'stramonio'.. The fragrant flowers are trumpet-shaped, white to creamy or violet, and 6 to 9 cm (2 1⁄2–3 1⁄2 in) long, and grow on short stems from either the axils of the leaves or the places where the branches fork. Its seeds can lie dormant underground for years and germinate when the soil is disturbed. Svoboda, Robert (1986). All Datura plants contain tropane alkaloids such as scopolamine and atropine, primarily in their seeds and flowers as well as the roots of certain species such as D. wrightii. (1998).Allelopathic potential of, Indian doc. La pequeña When the plant is younger, the ratio of scopolamine to atropine is about 3:1; after flowering, this ratio is reversed, with the amount of scopolamine continuing to decrease as the plant gets older. Planta entera. Christ I couldn’t even walk! [49][50], Datura stramonium prefers rich, calcareous soil. Meyer). Those who eat it have visions of fearful things. [34][35] Adequate knowledge of Datura's properties is necessary to facilitate a safe experience. [37], Bernardino de Sahagún, in around 1569, called attention to Datura in the following words: [18] Today, it grows wild in all the world's warm and temperate regions, where it is found along roadsides and at dung-rich livestock enclosures. אטרופין נמצא בצמחים רבים ממשפחת הסולניים. It is an aggressive invasive weed in temperate climates across the world. During the late 18th century, James Anderson, the English Physician General of the East India Company, learned of the practice and popularized it in Europe. From 1950 to 1965, the State Chemical Laboratories in Agra, India, investigated 2,778 deaths caused by ingesting Datura. Gastric lavage and the administration of activated charcoal can be used to reduce the stomach's absorption of the ingested material and the drug physostigmine is used to reverse the effect of the poisons. Avoid use. These symptoms generally last from 24 to 48 hours, but have been reported in some cases to last up to 2 weeks or longer. Wade Davis, an ethnobotanist, also lists it as an essential ingredient of Haitian zombie potion. Datura species are herbaceous, leafy annuals and short-lived perennials which can reach up to 2 m in height. Schultes, Richard Evans; Hofmann, Albert (1979). Dioscorea villosa. Muscle stiffness, urinary retention, temporary paralysis, dysphoria, and confusion is often reported and pronounced amnesia is another commonly reported effect. The 2018 Ubisoft game Far Cry 5 features jimson weed as a collectible crafting ingredient for crafting "homeopathic" substances that enhance the player character's performance in various ways. Datura belongs to the classic "witches' weeds", along with deadly nightshade, henbane, and mandrake. She was fond of the flowers, which grew wild around her New Mexico house. Its likely origin was in Central America, and it has been introduced in many world regions. הצמח הנפוץ ביותר המכיל אטרופין הוא צמח ה-אטרופה (Atropa Belladonna), צמחי הדטורה (Datura Inoxia, Datura Metel, Datura Stramonium). [27] In traditional cultures, a great deal of experience with and detailed knowledge of Datura was critical to minimize harm. [45][46] However it has been noted that the process of zombification is not directly performed by vodou priests of the loa but rather by bokors. Schultes, Richard Evans; Albert Hofmann (1979). Lo stramonio comune (Datura stramonium L.) è una pianta a fiore appartenente alla famiglia delle Solanacee (Angiosperme Dicotiledoni).. Come altre specie del genere Datura (Datura inoxia, Datura metel etc.) Contributing to the confusion is the fact that various species, such as D. wrightii and D. inoxia, are very similar in appearance, and the variation within a species can be extreme. [52] In 2014 one such painting sold for $44 million, a record price for a female artist's work. : Datura bernhardii C.E.Lundstr.) [19] Additionally, within a given plant, toxin concentration varies by part and even from leaf to leaf. [31][32], The Zuni people once used datura as an analgesic to render patients unconscious while broken bones were set. Few substances have received as many severely negative recreational experience reports as has Datura. thorn-apple, downy thorn-apple, Indian-apple, moonflower, Southwestern United States, Central and South America (, Hindu datura, Indian thorn-apple, devil's trumpet, Mexico and the Southwestern United States, sacred datura, western jimsonweed, California jimsonweed, sacred thorn-apple, tolguacha, toloache, This page was last edited on 16 February 2021, at 19:40. Most species are suited to being planted outside or in containers. This being an early plant, was gather'd very young for a boil'd salad, by some of the soldiers sent thither to quell the rebellion of Bacon (1676); and some of them ate plentifully of it, the effect of which was a very pleasant comedy, for they turned natural fools upon it for several days: one would blow up a feather in the air; another would dart straws at it with much fury; and another, stark naked, was sitting up in a corner like a monkey, grinning and making mows [grimaces] at them; a fourth would fondly kiss and paw his companions, and sneer in their faces with a countenance more antic than any in a Dutch droll.In this frantic condition they were confined, lest they should, in their folly, destroy themselves—though it was observed that all their actions were full of innocence and good nature. Datura stramonium, known by the common names thorn apple, jimsonweed (jimson weed) or devil's snare, is a plant species in the nightshade family and Datura genus. Cecilia Garcia; James D. Adams (2005). ): Of the above, D. leichhardtii is close enough to D. pruinosa to merit demotion to a subspecies and likewise D. ferox and D. quercifolia are close enough in morphology to merit being subsumed in a single species. La escopolamina, alcaloide extraído de Hyocyanmus niger, es el éster de la escopina y el ácido trópico. The leaves are alternate, 10–20 cm long and 5–18 cm broad, with a lobed or toothed margin. [10][27] A group called Thugs (practicers of thuggee) were reportedly devotees of an Indian religious cult made up of robbers and assassins who strangled and/or poisoned their victims in rituals devoted to the Hindu goddess Kali. It features in rituals and prayers to Shiva and also in Ganesh Chaturthi, a festival devoted to the deity Ganesha. For intensive plantations, leaf yields of 1,100 to 1,700 kilograms per hectare (1,000 to 1,500 lb/acre) and seed yields of 780 kg/ha (700 lb/acre) are possible. Wild yam, Cabeza de negro. Datura stramonium L., Sp. [7] Pronounced amnesia is another commonly reported effect. [10] A thousand such simple tricks they played, and after eleven days returned themselves again, not remembering anything that had passed. Root and rhizomes. The calyx is long and tubular, swollen at the bottom, and sharply angled, surmounted by five sharp teeth. Other English common names include moonflower, devil's weed and hell's bells. (Проверено 16 октября 2012) Datura stramonium (Solanaceae) at The Culture Sheet — The Web’s niche for plant cultivation and horticulture (недоступная ссылка) (англ.)
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