Recent high-profile publications related to plastic litter in the sea have put the issue at the forefront of marine environmental problems. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018 – Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. Facts, truths and myths about SPF shrimp in aquaculture. www.euronews.com/2020/05/19/coronavirus-supporting-europe-s-battered-fishing-industry, FAO. The process identified key stakeholders and potential for fishers associations to develop a co-management programme, with options for the administration of user rights, tenure needs and sustainability. Auchterlonie, N. 2018. While not a complete inventory, it does throw new light on the drivers of and trends in the use of AqGR in aquaculture. The Sub-Committee noted the work presented by the Secretariat and acknowledged the efforts of FAO for the broad and inclusive consultation process leading to the development of the draft guidance. In: FAO [online]. The R Collective. Important commercial stocks of hake (Merluccius merluccius) and turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) show particularly high fishing pressure, while many stocks of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) show biomass levels below biologically sustainable levels. The objectives are built on 17 wide-ranging SDGs, which, among other objectives, aim to end all forms of poverty, reduce inequality and tackle climate change. FIGURE 26APPARENT FISH CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, AVERAGE 2015–2017. FAO has a role to play in providing technical assistance to countries to develop and implement traceability systems, while recognizing the different applications of these systems, such as food safety, legality, ecolabelling, catch documentation and food fraud (FAO and ITU, 2019). In Tokelau, young fishers are tested on their knowledge and understanding of fishing and navigation through the “kaukumete” ceremony. In most regions, women are less involved in offshore and long-distance capture fishing. FIGURE 11FED AND NON-FED AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION, 2000–2018. Report card on ecosystem-based fisheries management in tuna regional fisheries management organizations. Moreover, once depleted, their recovery is long and not assured. World Bank. The Western Central Pacific produced the second-largest landings, 12.6 million tonnes (16 percent of the global total) in 2017, continuing a linear increasing trend since 1950. To help raise awareness about these different approaches and the prerequisites for using them, FAO has produced a series of guidance notes with the ultimate goal of helping to mobilize financial resources for blue growth transformative change. In 2018, 67 million tonnes, or 38 percent of total fisheries and aquaculture production, were traded internationally. Given the wide diversity of aquatic life, the nutritional composition of fish varies significantly according to species and the way in which they are processed and marketed. ISSN 1020-5489 [PRINT]ISSN 2410-5902 [ONLINE]ISBN 978-92-5-132692-3. Even when taking into consideration catches of anchoveta – which are often substantial yet highly variable because of the influence of El Niño events – total marine catches have been relatively stable since the mid-2000s, ranging from 78 million tonnes to 81 million tonnes per year, following a decline from the peak catches of the late-1990s. More than 600 species are produced in aquaculture (while more than 1 800 species are fished), and this number is growing as culture techniques develop for new species. In view of the major role of China in fisheries and aquaculture, the assumptions consider policy developments in China, which are expected to continue along the path outlined by its Thirteenth Five-Year Plan (2016–2020) (see FAO, 2018a, Box31, p. 183) towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly fisheries and aquaculture, away from the past emphasis on increasing production. Its landings reached a peak of 13 million tonnes in 1976, then dropped, recovered in the 1990s and stabilized at about 70 percent of the peak value. The markets for farmed coho salmon, rainbow trout and wild salmon species from North Pacific fisheries have all experienced growth, but it is Atlantic salmon that accounts for the largest proportion of export revenue. In fisheries and aquaculture, it is estimated that 35 percent of the global harvest is either lost or wasted every year. Data on sustainable fish food systems can be improved through: (i) disaggregation of nutrient composition data by species; (ii) inclusion of local and underutilized species in composition and consumption data; (iii) diet–environmental footprint analysis for various fish production methods; and (iv) improved reporting methods for inland fisheries stocks. In September 2019, FAO organized an expert meeting on the matter. More often, however, fisheries and aquaculture activities are not considered and nor are stakeholders consulted, despite the fact that international norms call for their inclusion in decision-making about who is granted tenure and user rights to land, water and aquatic resources, and how. Subsequently, methodologies for SDG Indicators 14.6.1 (IUU fishing) and 14.b.1 (Access rights for small-scale fisheries) were finalized in consultation with the COFI Secretariat and approved by the Inter-agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators. Data needs for blue growth. 1269. Making progress in a multisectoral environment is challenging, and more needs to be done to bridge the gap between policy design and actual implementation. On the role of innovation and new information technologies: ▸ Integrate data collection and supply chains. In the aquatic genetic resources (AqGR) information system, ASFIS will provide the species backbone to which the inventory of farmed types will be mapped. Once endorsed by FAO and its Members, the GPA will provide a framework, and a basis for resource mobilization, for the promotion of enhanced and effective conservation, sustainable use and development of these resources. Science, 347(6219): 1255641 [online]. Through these processes, the SAG will provide practical guidance to government authorities and policymakers aimed at helping the countries achieve a better implementation of the Code, while engaging and enabling their aquaculture sector to effectively participate in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. In area 71, the Western Central Pacific, tuna and tuna-like species accounted for most of the increase in catches, with skipjack tuna in particular increasing from 1.0 million tonnes to over 1.8 million tonnes in the last 20 years. The remaining 17 countries had no discernible trend of increase or decrease in their catch. Benin, Kiribati, Liberia, Mauritania, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands and Togo all score consistently highly across all combinations (Figure B). The vital connection between biodiversity, food production and livelihoods is often forgotten by specialists and the general public alike and needs to be highlighted. Some of the factors behind this contraction included trade sanctions on the Russian Federation, economic decline in Brazil and the strengthening of the United States dollar against an array of currencies, which reduced the apparent value of trade conducted in those currencies. The Sustainable Aquaculture Guidelines (SAG), which target primarily policymakers, will be developed by making use of, and sharing the lessons learned from, various case studies selected in different regions. Its total catch fluctuated between 17 million tonnes and 24 million tonnes in the 1980s and 1990s, and was about 22.2 million tonnes in 2017. Food loss and waste in fish value chains. As indicated above, a significant but declining proportion of world fisheries production is processed into fishmeal and fish oil. In: FAO [online]. Global fisheries during COVID-19. Heads, frames, fillet cut-offs and skin can be used directly as food or processed into fish sausages, pâté, cakes, snacks, gelatine, soups, sauces and other products for human consumption. Reduce pre- and post-harvest loss and waste as important vehicles of sustainabilityOver a third of fish and seafood products are lost or wasted. Rome. Of the latter, 80 percent (about 18 million tonnes) was reduced to fishmeal and fish oil, while the rest (4 million tonnes) was largely utilized as ornamental fish, for culture (e.g. These scores are then converted into bands, assigning the States a level of implementation from 1, the lowest level of implementation, to 5, the highest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 367: 2979–2989 [online]. It can provide an online traceability infrastructure for the permanent storage and sharing of key data elements (e.g. Further to the implementation of these instruments, transshipment has become an intensely debated issue as a potential loophole in global fisheries management. 4 reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in the north of the Ukrainian SSR. & Waycott, M. 2011. If exports for human consumption of fish and terrestrial meat are taken into account, since 2016 those of fish have been higher than those of terrestrial in value terms (51 percent versus 49 percent). The data-poor method through the virtual research environment will be updated periodically. (also available at www.fao.org/3/i8795en/I8795EN.pdf). On the challenges to achieving ecological sustainability of global and regional fisheries: ▸ Promote assessment and monitoring of individual stocks and improve transparency at the stock and country level to better understand the status of fisheries at relevant geographical scales. This is based on per capita GDP, a composite of the World Bank’s governance indicators and a dummy variable indicating whether a State is classified as a least developed country (LDC). 2018. This uneven progress highlights an urgent need to replicate and re-adapt successful policies and measures in the light of the realities of specific fisheries, and to focus on creating mechanisms that can effectively implement policy and regulations in fisheries with little management. Overall, 45 percent of assessed stocks in the Pacific Southeast are being fished within sustainable levels. For example, from a conservation point of view, the situation for AqGR is encouraging relative to other agriculture sectors, with wild relatives of all farmed species still existing in nature, although some are under threat. As global demand for fish and fishery products has increased significantly in recent years, so has awareness of the need to ensure that supplies come from operations free of economic, environmental and social issues along the whole fish value chain. Finding alternatives to plastic, including the development of biodegradable materials for fishing gear, and reducing the use of short-life-span plastics would decrease the sources of marine plastic litter and microplastics. recreational fisheries, and socio-economic information). Aquaculture accounted for less than half but over 30 percent of total fish production in another 22 countries in 2018, including several major fish producers such as Indonesia (42.9 percent), Norway (35.2 percent), Chile (37.4 percent), Myanmar (35.7 percent) and Thailand (34.3 percent). National fisheries administrations should understand the different tenure options and their respective trade-offs. Gender perceptions are deeply rooted and vary widely both within and between cultures. Small pelagic stocks often straddle multiple exclusive economic zones (EEZs), and their movements are significantly affected by climatic conditions. Furthermore, the fish stock status in developed countries is improving, while many developing countries face a worsening situation in terms of overcapacity, production per unit of effort and stock status (see Box 4). This rate has increased significantly in the last 20 years, reaching 2.9 percent per year, because of expanding fish production and imports. Global hidden harvest of freshwater fish revealed by household surveys. Educate consumers. Of all those engaged in primary production, most are in developing countries, and most are small-scale, artisanal fishers and aquaculture workers. Important stocks such as Gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus), round sardinella (Sardinella aurita) and skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) have shown decreased catches, but are estimated to be biologically sustainable. All countries around the world have specific institutions for exercising such management authority within their exclusive economic zones, and many are part of regional and international fisheries bodies and management organizations to manage shared stocks and fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdictions. FIGURE 5TOP TEN GLOBAL CAPTURE PRODUCERS, 2018. Fish often provides a cheap and nutritious source of protein rich in essential amino acids and it is an important source of essential micronutrients, necessary for healthy diets. Moreover, the technology should soon be able to track fishing activity and (lost) fishing gear. It is now time to pursue multi-stakeholder commitment and multidonor support towards a coherent, cooperative and coordinated aquaculture biosecurity component of the global aquaculture sustainability programme. Fish preserved by salting, fermentation, drying and smoking – particularly customary in Africa and Asia – declined from 29 percent in the 1960s to 10 percent of all fish destined for human consumption in developing countries in 2018. & Soto, D. 2018. Management is the Best ConservationAll aquatic ecosystems should be assessed and managed on the basis of the ecosystem approach. FAO Aquaculture Newsletter, 60: 43–45. Increasing domestic production (by 13 percent over the period 2019–2030) and higher fish imports will not be sufficient to meet the region’s growing demand. European Development Fund Fish4ACP: Launched in December 2019, Fish4ACP is a programme funded by the European Union and implemented by FAO to support sustainable development of fisheries and aquaculture value chains in the African, Caribbean and Pacific group of States. 2018. The IHH study engages local, national and international research centres, scientists and practitioners, as relevant, in case-study countries to help identify existing data and studies most relevant to the small-scale fisheries sector. More inclusive approaches and participatory area-based management systems that directly involve coastal communities whose livelihoods depend on fisheries and aquaculture are showing encouraging results for effective conservation measures that balance environmental, social and economic objectives, both within and between economic sectors. In developed countries, apparent fish consumption increased from 17.4 kg per capita in 1961 to peak at 26.4 kg per capita in 2007, and gradually declined thereafter to reach 24.4 kg in 2017. FAO. GHANA. [Cited 23 February 2020]. Consumption of fish and fishery products. 224 pp. Kissel, A.N. 1–21. However, the FAO data do not keep pace with the actual species diversification in aquaculture. 109 pp. This is particularly the case for finfish produced from both coastal ponds and cages in the sea, especially in Asia. Yet, as we approach a world of 10 billion people, we face the fact that since 2015 the numbers of undernourished and malnourished people have been growing. The platform allows users to design forms according to survey needs, to install a mobile app that implements the forms, and to store, review and analyse data in a portable database. The comprehensiveness of the SDGs reflects the extent of the challenge faced, and provides a road map to enable development that is socially, environmentally and economically sustainable and inclusive. In short, IUU fishing threatens livelihoods, exacerbates poverty, and augments food insecurity. 1287. Imports of fish and fish products of developing countries represented 31 percent of the global total by value and 49 percent in quantity in 2018, compared with 12 percent and 19 percent, respectively, in 1976. The farmed shrimp sector, which now supplies the majority of volume to the global market, has also suffered from the impact of disease outbreaks and price variations associated with the boom-and-bust cycle. The 2017 assessment estimated that 66.7 percent of the assessed stocks in the Western Indian Ocean were fished within biologically sustainable levels, while 33.3 percent were at biologically unsustainable levels. This requires political will to promote appropriate policies, strategies and private and public investment and cooperation with a clear focus on sustainable production increases. Protecting each stage of the supply chain is fundamental to avoid global and local food crises, and protect fish-dependent economies.3. However, during the UNCLOS negotiating process, fishing in ABNJ was not perceived as a major problem requiring priority attention. While the use of SPF shrimp stocks varies greatly between regions and farming practices, evidence is increasingly showing that they have reduced the introduction of pathogens and disease expression in farms, and provided a means for the safe introduction of Penaeus vannamei around the world – the species of choice and the dominant species in shrimp farming. Their living resources have long been utilized, whereas, in recent years, their non-living marine resources have become increasingly utilized (Jobsvogt et al., 2014). The continuing importance of fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds Presented at the Aquafarm Conference, Pordenone, Italy, 15–16 February. 2019m. In 2017, 37.5 percent of the assessed stocks in the Mediterranean and Black Sea were fished within biologically sustainable levels.8.
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